Contact-controlled amoeboid motility induces dynamic cell trapping in 3D-microstructured surfaces.

On flat substrates, several cell types exhibit amoeboid migration, which is characterized by restless stochastic successions of pseudopod protrusions. The orientation and frequency of new membrane protrusions characterize efficient search modes, which can respond to external chemical stimuli as observed during chemotaxis in amoebae. To quantify the influence of mechanical stimuli induced by surface topography on the migration modes of the amoeboid model organism Dictyostelium discoideum, we apply high resolution motion analysis in microfabricated pillar arrays of defined density and geometry. Cell motion is analyzed by a two-state motility-model, distinguishing directed cellular runs from phases of isotropic migration that are characterized by randomly oriented cellular protrusions. Cells lacking myosin II or cells deprived of microtubules show significantly different behavior concerning migration velocities and migrational angle distribution, without pronounced attraction to pillars. We conclude that microtubules enhance cellular ability to react with external 3D structures. Our experiments on wild-type cells show that the switching from randomly formed pseudopods to a stabilized leading pseudopod is triggered by contact with surface structures. These alternating processes guide cells according to the available surface in their 3D environment, which we observed dynamically and in steady-state situations. As a consequence, cells perform "home-runs" in low-density pillar arrays, crawling from pillar to pillar, with a characteristic dwell time of 75 s. At the boundary between a flat surface and a 3D structured substrate, cells preferentially localize in contact with micropillars, due to the additionally available surface in the microstructured arrays. Such responses of cell motility to microstructures might open new possibilities for cell sorting in surface structured arrays

Modifications mécaniques et biologiques induites dans des cellules en culture par application locale d'une force contrôlée

Adherent cells can control their mechanical properties in order to perform crucial biological functions, like division, migration or differenciation. It has now been proved that cells are very sensitive to the mechanical properties of their substrate, which they sense through integrins. Integrins are transmembrane proteins that link the actin cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix through scaffolding proteins. We designed an optical tweezers setup controlled by a feedback loop, which allows the application of a constant local force via microbeads bound to the cell integrins. We can thus measure the creep function of a single cell and retrieve an estimate of its rigidity. Simultaneous fluorescence observations allow us to evaluate the impact of force application on the actin repartition within the cell. We observed that cells stiffen under force application but keep the same rheological response - the creep function still exhibits a power law behavior : J(t) = At^(alpha), in which A decreases on a long time range. Stiffening is coupled to actin recruitment both in the contacts and in the cytoskeleton networtk - up to several µm from the force application point. Stiffening and recruitment dynamics seem strongly correlated. This work presents an evaluation of the dynamics of cell stiffening under stress, which is a novel insight into the elucidation of the more general phenomenon of mechanotransduction.Les propriétés mécaniques des cellules adhérentes ont une importance capitale pour l'ensemble de leurs fonctions : division, migration, différenciation, etc. De plus, on sait désormais qu'elles sont très sensibles aux caractéristiques mécaniques de leur substrat, auquel elles sont ancrées par l'intermédiaire des intégrines. Ces récepteurs transmembranaires lient indirectement le cytosquelette d'actine intracellulaire aux protéines de la matrice extracellulaire.Nous avons conçu un dispositif de pinces optiques contrôlées par une boucle de rétroaction, qui permet d'appliquer aux cellules une force locale constante, via des microbilles liées aux intégrines.Nous pouvons ainsi mesurer la fonction de fluage de chaque cellule et en tirer une estimation de sa rigidité. Des observations simultanées en épifluorescence permettent par ailleurs d'évaluer les effets de l'application de la force sur la répartition d'actine locale.Nous avons constaté que les cellules se rigidifient sous l'application prolongée d'une force, tout en gardant le même comportement rhéologique : une fonction de fluage en loi de puissance du temps, J(t) = At^(alpha), où A décroît aux temps longs. Cette rigidification est couplée à un recrutement d'actine au niveau des contacts et au sein du réseau cytsoquelettique (jusqu'à plusieurs µm du point d'application de la force). De plus, les dynamiques de ces deux phénomènes semblent fortement corrélées. Ce travail présente une évaluation de la dynamique de renforcement cellulaire sous contrainte, et ouvre des perspectives prometteuses vers l'élucidation des phénomènes intervenant dans la mécanotransduction

Modifications mécaniques et biologiques induites dans des cellules en culture par application locale d'une force contrôlée

PARIS7-Bibliothèque centrale (751132105) / SudocSudocFranceF

Structural evidence for a two-regime photobleaching mechanism in a reversibly switchable fluorescent protein.

International audiencePhotobleaching, the irreversible photodestruction of a chromophore, severely limits the use of fluorescent proteins (FPs) in optical microscopy. Yet, the mechanisms that govern photobleaching remain poorly understood. In Reversibly Switchable Fluorescent Proteins (RSFPs), a class of FPs that can be repeatedly photoswitched between nonfluorescent and fluorescent states, photobleaching limits the achievable number of switching cycles, a process known as photofatigue. We investigated the photofatigue mechanisms in the protein IrisFP using combined X-ray crystallography, optical in crystallo spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and modeling approaches. At laser-light intensities typical of conventional wide-field fluorescence microscopy, an oxygen-dependent photobleaching pathway was evidenced. Structural modifications induced by singlet-oxygen production within the chromophore pocket revealed the oxidation of two sulfur-containing residues, Met159 and Cys171, locking the chromophore in a nonfluorescent protonated state. At laser-light intensities typical of localization-based nanoscopy (>0.1 kW/cm(2)), a completely different, oxygen-independent photobleaching pathway was found to take place. The conserved Glu212 underwent decarboxylation concomitantly with an extensive rearrangement of the H-bond network around the chromophore, and an sp(2)-to-sp(3) hybridization change of the carbon atom bridging the chromophore cyclic moieties was observed. This two-regime photobleaching mechanism is likely to be a common feature in RSFPs from Anthozoan species, which typically share high structural and sequence identity with IrisFP. In addition, our results suggest that, when such FPs are used, the illumination conditions employed in localization-based super-resolution microscopy might generate less cytotoxicity than those of standard wide-field microscopy at constant absorbed light-dose. Finally, our data will facilitate the rational design of FPs displaying enhanced photoresistance